Büyükada, known as the jewel of Istanbul, boasts a rich texture ranging from magnificent waterfront mansions (yalıs) to historic residences, and from natural beauties to unique panoramic views. However, at the heart of this enchanting island rises a very special structure that carries traces of scientific curiosity, architectural elegance, and Levantine culture: Mizzi Mansion. Once home to a telescope used to observe the skies, this mansion carries forward the Ottoman effort to connect with modern science, blending it with the aesthetic of Art Nouveau architecture.
The Development of Science and Observatories in the Ottoman Empire
The first modern observatory in the Ottoman period was established during Sultan Abdülaziz’s reign for meteorological observations. Although seismology and astronomy gained momentum after the 1894 Istanbul Earthquake, technical infrastructure deficiencies prevented the establishment of an effective observatory for a long time. The need for a modern observatory was only fulfilled in the 1930s with the establishment of Istanbul University Observatory. Mizzi Mansion stands out as a unique reflection of this scientific quest on the Princes’ Islands.
Architectural Evolution and Settlement Pattern of Büyükada
The general residential architecture of Büyükada, including Mizzi Mansion, complements Istanbul with its unique architectural diversity. While settlement in the area is believed to date back to the Ancient period, architectural evidence from that era has yet to be fully clarified. During Byzantine and Ottoman periods, Büyükada served as a monastery and place of exile, so early constructions were mainly religious and military buildings along with associated residences and piers. From the late 18th century onwards, Büyükada, along with other islands, began to attract the interest of certain Europeans led by the British, French, and Italians, as well as Ottoman intellectuals, acquiring its identity as a summer resort. Its architecture and rich residential fabric thus took shape mostly after the Tanzimat period, in the second half of the 19th century. The regular ferry service between Istanbul and the islands, started in 1846, increased the population, which in turn led to a significant rise in entertainment venues, hotels, and large mansion constructions.
Western Influences and Styles in Büyükada’s Architecture
In Büyükada, where the population was predominantly Greek Orthodox (Rum), Western architectural styles show a heterogeneous character in some examples and an eclectic one in others. Neo-Baroque, Neo-Gothic, Neo-Classical, Empire, and Art Nouveau were the dominant styles. Victorian-style houses inspired by English country architecture also contributed to this diversity. Additionally, there are houses that interpret traditional Ottoman architectural styles. However, Western influences are mainly reflected in the plans, and these inspirations became increasingly widespread.
Prof. Dr. Doğan Kuban notes that among the innovations brought by Western influences in late Ottoman houses were the direct opening of ground floors to the street and the disappearance of latticed screens (mashrabiya), which traditionally symbolized privacy. Moreover, attic floors, rare in traditional Turkish houses, became fashionable.
The Endurance Journey of Büyükada’s Residences
Over time, the residences suffered damage from fires and earthquakes. Most Büyükada houses were either destroyed, repaired, or rebuilt. Also, since there was no tradition of passing houses from generation to generation except for those belonging to state dignitaries, frequent renovations occurred, which complicates learning about the craftsmen or architects of these buildings. The 1894 earthquake dealt a heavy blow to Büyükada’s architecture, initiating an intensive maintenance process. Although this architectural activity and restoration slowed down during the harsh conditions of World War I and the subsequent War of Independence, a revival was observed in the Early Republican period.
Housing Types in Büyükada and the Place of Mizzi Mansion
From the mid-19th century to the first half of the 20th century, two main types of residences appear in Büyükada. The first type consists of traditional row houses in densely settled areas, mainly used by the island’s permanent population. The second type comprises waterfront mansions and villas built on large gardens, reflecting various Western architectural styles. The most striking of these villas, usually used as summer residences, are concentrated in the Nizam and Maden neighborhoods. Among these, Mizzi Mansion in Nizam Neighborhood is one of the first to come to mind and continues to amaze every visitor to the island.
Understanding Büyükada’s Soul Through Its Rich History and Architectural Diversity
Exploring Büyükada’s rich history and architectural variety, especially symbolic structures like Mizzi Mansion, allows a deeper understanding of the island’s spirit. Mizzi Mansion is more than just a building; it is a living heritage that carries the scientific quests and aesthetic sensibilities of the past into the present.
